Athenian Owl

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Athenian Owl Coin

Athene is a genus of owls, containing six living species, depending on classification. These birds are small, with brown and white speckles, yellow eyes, and white eyebrows. This genus is found on all continents except for Australia, Antarctica, and Subsaharan Africa.

Taxonomy and list of species[edit]

The genus Athene was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822.^[1] The type species was designated as the little owl (Athene noctua) by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1841.^[2][3] The genus name is from the little owl which was closely associated with the Greek goddess Athena, and often depicted with her. Her original role as a goddess of the night might explain the link to an owl.^[4]

The genus contains the following five species.^[5]

Extinct species[edit]

A number of mainly island representatives of this genus are only known from fossil or subfossil remains:

• Athene megalopeza (fossil; Rexroad Late Pliocene of WC USA) - sometimes placed in Speotyto
• Athene veta (fossil; Early Pleistocene of Rebielice, Poland)
• Athene angelis (fossil; Middle - Late Pleistocene of Castiglione, Corsica)
• Athene trinacriae (Pleistocene)
• Athene cf. cunicularia (fossil; Pleistocene of Barbuda, West Indies) - sometimes placed in Speotyto
• Athene cf. cunicularia (fossil; Pleistocene of Cayman Islands, West Indies) - sometimes placed in Speotyto
• Athene cf. cunicularia (fossil; Pleistocene of Jamaica, West Indies) - sometimes placed in Speotyto
• Athene cf. cunicularia (fossil; Pleistocene of Mona Island, West Indies) - sometimes placed in Speotyto
• Athene cf. cunicularia (fossil; Pleistocene of Puerto Rico, West Indies) - sometimes placed in Speotyto
• Cretan owl, Athene cretensis (prehistoric; Crete, Mediterranean)

The Cretan owl was a flightless or near-flightless form that was more than 50 cm (almost 2 ft) tall. It went extinct soon after the island of Crete became inhabited by humans.

Late Miocene (about 11 mya) fossil remains from Rudabánya (NE Hungary) have been tentatively assigned to this genus.^[6] Considering the known fossil range of Athene and the misassignments of many Miocene strigids from Europe, it may be a basal member of the present genus or not belong here. The supposed species 'Athene' murivora is the name given to subfossil bones of male Rodrigues owls.

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• • Antiguan burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia amaura - extinct (c.1905)
  • Guadeloupe burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia guadeloupensis - extinct (c.1890)

References[edit]

1. ^Boie, Friedrich (1822). 'Ueber Classification, insonderheit der europäischen Vogel'. Isis von Oken (in German). Cols 545–564 [549].
2. ^Gray, George Robert (1841). A List of the Genera of Birds : with their Synonyma and an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus (2nd ed.). London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 7.
3. ^Peters, James Lee, ed. (1940). Check-List of Birds of the World. Volume 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 147.
4. ^Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 58, 274. ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
5. ^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). 'Owls'. IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
6. ^Bernor, R.L.; Kordos, L. & Rook, L. (eds): 'Recent Advances on Multidisciplinary Research at Rudabánya, Late Miocene (MN9), Hungary: A compendium.Archived 2007-06-28 at the Wayback Machine' Paleontographica Italiana89: 3-36.

The tetradrachm (Greek: τετράδραχμον, romanized: tetrádrachmon) was an Ancient Greek silver coin equivalent to four drachmae.^[1] In Athens it replaced the earlier 'heraldic' type of didrachms and it was in wide circulation from c. 510 to c. 38 BC.^[2]

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The silver tetradrachm is believed to be the coin given to Judas for betraying Jesus.^[3]

In Athens[edit]

The transition from didrachms to tetradrachms occurred during c. 525–510 BC; the abandonment of the 'heraldic'-type didrachms and the Archaic tetradrachms (early 'owls') of the polis of Athens apparently took place shortly after the Battle of Salamis, 480 BC. This transition is supported by the discovery of contemporary coin hoards, and more particularly of a coin hoard found on the Acropolis in 1886.^{[citation needed]}

The Athenian tetradrachm was widely used in transactions throughout the ancient Greek world, including in cities politically unfriendly to Athens.^[2] Athens had silver mines in state ownership, which provided the bullion. Most well known were the silver mines of Laurium at a close distance from Athens.^[4] The Athenian tetradrachm was stamped with the head of Athena on the obverse, and on the reverse the image of the owl of Athena, the iconographic symbol of the Athenian polis, with a sprig of olive and a crescent for the moon. According to Philochorus, it was known as glaux (γλαύξ, little owl)^[5] throughout the ancient world^[6] and 'owl' in present-day English language numismatics.^[7] The design was kept essentially unchanged for over two centuries, by which time it had become stylistically archaic. To differentiate their currency from the rival coinage of Aegina using the Aeginetic stater of about 12.3 grams, Athens minted its tetradrachm based on the 'Attic' standard of 4.3 grams per drachma. The vast number of 'owls-tetradrachms' available those days mainly from the silver mines of Laurium financed the several achievements of Athens, such as the reconstruction of the Acropolis and building the Parthenon, as well as many wars, including the Peloponnesian War.

In other polities[edit]

The tetradrachm's use as a currency was soon adopted by many other city-states of the ancient Greece, Asia Minor, Magna Grecia and other Greek colonial cities throughout the Mediterranean Sea. With the armies of Alexander the Great it spread to other Greek-influenced areas of Asia.

Tetradrachms were common as trade coins.^[8]

Athenian Owl Silver Coin

Gallery[edit]

• Tetradrachm of Aetna

• Tetradrachm of Olympia

• Tetradrachm of Sparta

• Tetradrachm of Abdera

• Tetradrachm of Troy

• Tetradrachm of Kyme

• Tetradrachm of Rhegion

• Tetradrachm of Naxos

• Tetradrachm of Cleopatra Thea

• Tetradrachm of Alexander the Great

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Tetradrachm'. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
2. ^ ^abAndroulakis, Yiannis. 'History of the Greek coins'. Fleur-de-Coin. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
3. ^King James Bible; Revised Standard Version. 1957 Edition: 'Musical Instruments and Coins'; facing page 32, of 'Helps to the Understanding of the Bible'; Rev. David J. Fant LittD
4. ^Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, 22.7
5. ^γλαύξ, Liddell & Scott
6. ^Philochorus: Scholion to Aristophanes, Birds 1106.
7. ^Kraay, C.M. The archaic owls of Athens: classification and chronology.
8. ^Otto Mørkholm (31 May 1991). Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamaea (336-188 BC). Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN978-0-521-39504-5.

External links[edit]

Athenian Owl Jacksonville

• Pictures of Athenian tetradrachms (archive)

Athenian Owl Shield